DURHAM, a city, the capital of the county palatine of DURHAM, 67 miles (B. S. E.) from Carlisle, 87 (N. E.) from Lancaster, 67 (W. N. W.) from York, and 259 (N. by W.) from London; containing 9822 inhabitants, exclusively of those in Easington ward. The name is probably derived from the Arms. Saxon words, Dun, a hill, and Holme, a river island, being descriptive of its situation on a rocky eminence partially surrounded by the river Wear. The Normans called it Duresme, whence more immediately is deduced its present appellation. The earliest account of this place is in 995, when the monks of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, who had removed to Chester le Street, and afterwards to Ripon, for sanctuary from the violence of Danish aggression, were returning to their church at Chester le Street, after an absence of four months, with the disinterred body of St. Cuthbert, which had been buried at Lindisfarne, in 687; according to the superstitious legend, on their arrival at the spot where Durham now stands, a miraculous interposition rendered the carriage which conveyed the body, and other relics, immoveable, and this incident they construed into a divine prohibition against the return of the saint's remains to their former resting-place. They likewise interpreted some other circumstances into an intimation that Dun holme was destined to receive the sacred relics; and there are still some emblematic devices on the west corner tower of the east transept of the cathedral, designed to commemorate this occurrence. They forthwith proceeded to construct a sort of ark, or tabernacle, of wicker-work, wherein they deposited the saint's body; they subsequently erected a more appropriate edifice,, called the White Church, and, three }ears after their arrival, a stone church was built by Bishop Aldun, and dedicated to St. Cuthbert, whose remains were then removed and enshrined in it. Determined on permanent residence, these strangers cleared away the trees which skirted the hill, and began to build substantial houses; thus arose the Saxon town of Dunholme, about the commencement of the eleventh century; the increase of which, both in buildings and population, was so rapid, that in 1040, being then partially fortified, Duncan of Scotland besieged it, but his forces were totally vanquished, and the heads of the Scottish leaders, who were slain or captured, were fixed on poles around the market-place. At the Conquest, many of the Anglo-Saxon malcontents assembled here, erected a castle and other fortifications, and made a temporary defence, but being disappointed in not receiving assistance, they fled , and William the Conqueror entered the city, and granted many privileges to the inhabitants. In 1069, Robert Comyn, Earl of Northumberland, being appointed governor, entered Durham with a Norman guard of seven hundred soldiers, and such were the enormities they committed, that the enraged populace of the adjacent country, taking advantage of the inaction to which the forces were reduced by drunkenness and revelling, burst into the city, set fire to the governor's house, and put them all to the sword, except one man, who was wounded, but made his escape. In revenge for this carnage, William, desolating in his progress thfe whole country between York and Durham, advanced upon the city, on which the whole of the inhabitants fled, and the monks left their convent; but on the departure of the troops, the fugitives returned from the neighbouring mountains, where they had taken shelter, after an absence of four months. A dreadful famine and consequent mortality were the result, and the people were under the necessity of eating horses, dogs, and cats, and even human bodies. The whole of the district through which the Norman had passed remained without culture for nine years, infested by robbers and beasts of prey; and many of the inhabitants who escaped the sword, starved in the fields. During this calamity, the bones of St. Cuthbert were removed, after a repose of seventy-five years, to Lindisfarne, .on which occasion it is superstitiously related that the sea retired, and allo-wed the wanderers who accompanied the holy relics to pass over to the island dry-shod. At length tranquillity was restored, and the body was replaced in the shrine at Durham; but the bishop having been detected in a rebellion against the Conqueror, was imprisoned till his death. The king, on his return from an expedition against Malcolm of Scotland, in 1072, appointed Walcher, a Norman, to the bishoprick, and ordered a fortress, to be erected here, to overawe the inhabitants, and form a barrier to the northern territories. This prelate purchased the earldom of Northumberland, assumed the title of Count Palatine, and, by uniting temporal and ecclesiastical power, excited an insurrection, in which he was slain. During the protracted warfare which followed this outrage, Carilepho, who had succeeded to the see, took part with Malcolm, against William, and at its termination fled to Normandy. William Rufus seized on the temporalties, and appointed John de Tailbois and Ernesius de Burone, governors of the castle and palatinate; in 1091, the bishop was restored. The shrine of St. Cuthbert having been greatly enriched under the six prelates who preceded Carilepho, that bishop, having brought from Normandy the plan of a new church, pulled down the old one, and began the present edifice, the foundation of which was laid by King Malcolm, Carilepho, and Turgot the prior, on the llth of August, 1093, the building having taken upwards of thirty years in its completion. Bishop Ralph Flambard conveyed St. Cuthbert's remains to the new church, erected a splendid shrine near the choir for their reception, improved the fortifications of the city and castle, and built Framwell-gate bridge. During his episcopacy, Durham sustained considerable injury from fire. In 1139, the Empress Queen, Maud, daughter of Henry I., and Prince Henry, son. of David, King of Scotland, with the members of congress, were entertained by the citizens, on the negociation of peace between England and Scotland. During the reign of Henry II., Bishop Pudsey having incurred the royal displeasure, that monarch took possession of the city and castle, and at the bishop's death, the officers of the crown having seized the keys, the see was for a long time vacant. To this bishop the city was indebted for several improvements, particularly for the erection of Elvet bridge, and the extension of the city wall from Northgate to Southgate. King John resided here in 1213, as also did Henry III. for a short time during the prelacy of Bishop Farnham; and the latter monarch deprived the shrine of St. Cuthbert of a considerable treasure, which he never restored. Edward 1. held a council here, to dispose of the estates of some Scottish barons, after the victory of Falkirk; and in 1300, he again visited Durham, as a mediator between the bishop and his convent. In 1313, the suburbs were reduced to ashes by a numerous body of Scottish invaders; and in 1316, they also destroyed the seat of the prior at Beaurepaire, now Bear park; about this time Bishop Beaumont repaired the city walls, and put them into a state of defence. In 1327, this city was for some time the head-quarters of Edward III. and his army: in 1333, that monarch rested here, on his march to Hallidown, when he was splendidly entertained by Bishop Buryj and in 1356 he again visited Durham, issuing from it his summons for the military tenants to attend him on a.northern expedition. In 1404, two peers and two knights were executed here for engaging in a conspiracy against Henry IV. On the liberation and marriage of James I. of Scotland, in 1424, Durham was crowded with the nobility: the hostages were received here, and the King and Queen of Scotland remained in the city a considerable time. About this period the plague commenced, and continued to rage for five years; during which, the assizes and all public assemblies were suspended, and several thousands of the inhabitants of the city and its vicinity fell victims to it. During the episcopacy of Neville, the English and Scottish delegates held several meetings here; in 1448, Henry VI. came on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Cuthbert: in 1463, Lord Montague and his army were quartered at Durham, previously to the battle of Hedgeley Moor; and in 1503, Bishop Fox entertained Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., with other distinguished personages, in the great hall of his palace, on her way to Scotland, where she was married to James IV. At the close of the rebellion under the Nevilles, in the reign of Elizabeth, sixty-six persons were executed in the city; and from 1589 to 1597, "with some slight intermission, the plague again raged in it. In 1603, James I. was presented by the mayor with a gold cup on entering the city; and in 1633, Bishop Morton entertained Charles I. and his retinue during his residence here, at the daily expense of £1500. After the battle of Newburn, in 1640, when the Scottish army entered England, the city of Durham became almost utterly depopulated. The city is about one mile in length, and as much in breadth, and from the peculiar course of the river, which environs it in the form of a horse-shoe, it is peninsular, occupying a considerable eminence, which is surmountr ed by the cathedral and the remains of the ancient castle, now used as the bishop's palace, together with other ecclesiastical residences. These are immediately surrounded by the streets called the North and South Baileys, enclosed within the remains of the old city walls, and skirted by sloping gardens, which descend to the brink of the river, on each side of which are public walks of extreme beauty, called the Banks, formed along the winding margin of the river, and approached by an avenue from Palace Green, a large open area before the cathedral. Framwell-gate bridge, situated at the northern extremity of the city, having one pier and two elliptic and finely proportioned arches of ninety feet span, adapted to the low shores on each side, was erected by Bishop Flambard, about 1120; a large tower gateway, which formerly stood at the end of this bridge, next the city, was taken down in 1760. Elvet bridge, of eight arches, was built about 1170 l>y Bishop Pudsey, and afterwards repaired by Bishop Fox, who granted an indulgence to all contributors; in 1806, it was improved and widened to twice its former breadth. The New bridge, which crosses the river nearly opposite the only remaining city gate, at the extremity of the South Bailey, is an elegant structure, erected between 1772 and 1777, consisting of three semicircular arches, with a balustraded battlement: an old bridge, which stood higher up the river, was carried away by a flood in 1771. The castle, now used as the occasional residence of the bishop, stands northward of the cathedral. The original edifice is attributed to Wil- liam the Conqueror, in 1072; it has undergone various alterations and additions at different periods; the oldest portion of it is the keep, now a mere shell, in the form of an irregular octagon, occupying the summit of an artificial mount, around which are three terraces, commanding a beautiful view of the city and its environs. The great north gateway was used as a county gaol till 1820, when it was removed, and its site occupied, on the west side, by a subscription library and news-room, and on the east by shops, with a spacious assemblyroom over them. The habitable part consists of a large mass of buildings of almost every date from the Norman to the present time. The late Bishop Barrington has thrown open some fine inner Norman doors, previously concealed, but the interior in general is fitted up in a style subsequent to the reign of Elizabeth. The town is paved, flagged, lighted with gas, and watched under the direction of commissioners appointed under acts of parliament passed in the 30th of George III. and the 3rd of George IV. The pant, or public fountain, stands in the centre of the market-place, and is surmounted by a statue of Neptune riding on a dolphin, which was placed there in 1729: the reservoir is of an octagonal form. In the year 1450, an excellent spring of water, situated in his manor of Sidgate, was granted to the city for ever, by Thomas Bellingham, Esq., whence the water is conveyed through pipes into the reservoir. There is a theatre in Sadler-street, built in 1791; and in this street is also a mechanics library, established in 1825; the race-ground is near Old El vet, where the races are held in May, and continue four days: they appear to have been established in the reign of Charles II. The trade of Durham was formerly much more extensive than it is at present -, a cotton manufactory, which existed previously to 1804, was in that year destroyed by fire. Here are manufactories for stuffs and carpets, for spinning and combing wool, a brass-foundry, and two iron-foundries; and on the north side of El vet bridge is a manufactory for hats, formerly the house of correction, erected in 1632. A market for- corn and provisions is held on Saturday, under a piazza at the bottom of the market square, where the corn is pitched. Fairs for horned cattle, sheep, and horses, are annually held on the 29th, 30th, and 31st of March, Whit-Tuesday, Saturday before May 13th, September 15th, and Saturday before November 23d: the March fair is an object of peculiar attraction to the principal horse dealers from the south, on account of the excellent breed of horses in the adjacent district, which are then brought for sale. A court of pie-powder is held during each fair, by the corporation. The government, in the earliest times, was vested in a bailiff appointed by the bishop. About 1440, the title of the principal civil officer was changed from " bailiff of the borough," to "bailiff of the city;" and in 1171 the first charter was granted by Bishop Pudsey to the burgesses, by which they were exempted from the payment Corporate Seal, of tolls and other feudal exactions; granting also " all such free customs as the burgesses of Newcastle enjoyed." From this period to the Reformation, the city was governed by a bailiff, but an officer was then appointed under the statute of Edward III. and other laws, who, under the title of marshal, or clerk of the markets, kept the alnage seal both for the pity and province. In 13?7, Bishop Hatfield granted a charter imposing certain duties on wares coming into the city, as a fund for keeping the walls and pavement in repair. A charter of incorporation was granted in 1565, by Bishop Pilkington, vesting the government in an alderman and twelve burgesses, and authorising a weekly market and three annual fairs: in 1602, Bishop Matthew granted a new charter, whereby the body politic and corporate was made to consist of a mayor, twelve aldermen, and a common council, with divers privileges, power to purchase lands, and a common seal. This was confirmed by James I., and several charters were subsequently obtained. The charter of 1602 continued in force till 1684, when Bishop Crewe granted a new one, which, owing to some informality, was set aside, and the former being restored, subsisted till 176l, when the corporation was dissolved, in consequence of irregularities in the election of the mayor and other members; the city was then placed under the government of a bailiff, till Bishop Egerton granted a new charter in 1780, which is still in force. This charter ordains that the corporation shall consist of a mayor, twelve aldermen, twenty-four common council-men, with a recorder, town clerk, two Serjeants at mace, and other inferior officers, under the designation of " The Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of Durham and Framwellgate." The election of the mayor takes place annually on the first Monday after the Feast of St. Michael, and for common council-men on the following Monday; the latter are chosen from thirteen incorporated companies: there are also three more incorporated companies, but they have not a representative in the common council. Neither the mayor nor any other member of the corporation possesses magisterial authority, the county magistrates exercising jurisdiction within the city. The corporation hold a court leet and a court baron, as lessees of the manor, under the Bishop of Durham, for the recovery of debts under 40s. A court of pleas for the county palatine is held by prescription every three weeks, with trials twice a year before the judges travelling the northern circuit; it is a superior court of record; in which sums to any amount are recoverable: the assizes for the county are also held here. In the market- place is the guildhall, erected by Bishop Tunstall, in 1555, and repaired by George Bowes, Esq., in 1752; in the back room of which edifice are portraits of Charles II. and Bishop Crewe; in the front room, which was built in 1754, public meetings are held. The exchequer, built in 1450, by Bishop Neville, is on the Palace Green; within it are offices for the auditor, cursitor, prothonotary, treasurer, and clerk of the county, registrar, &c. In 1809, extensive buildings, comprising a house of correction, county courts, and a new gaol, were erected at the expense of £120,000,: the prisoners are divided into thirteen classes; and there are forty.eight wards, three wor rooms, eighteen day-rooms, and thirteen airing-yards, besides a chapel, school-room, &c.; a tread-mill has been erected, but the prisoners are employed chiefly m weaving woollen and linen clptli. The elective franchise was conferred by act of parliament, in 1673, since which time the city has returned two members; the freedom is acquired by birth for all the sons of freemen of two incorporated companies, and for the eldest sons only of freemen belonging to the remaining eleven, and by servitude; the right of election belongs to the members of the corporation and the freemen, resident and non-resident, amounting to about twelve hundred; the mayor is the returning officer. The bishoprick of Durham is one of the most wealthy in the kingdom; it includes the county of Durham, and all Northumberland (excepting those parishes which are within the peculiar jurisdic- tion of Hexham), and the parishes of Alston-Moor, in Cumberland, and Craike and Howden, in Yorkshire, making a total of one hundred and thirty-five parishes, whereof eighty-seven are impropriate; there are two archdeaconries, and nine deaneries. This see has given eight saints and one cardinal to the church of Rome; one lord chief justice, five lord chancellors, three lord treasurers, one principal secretary of state, one chancellor to the University of Oxford, and two masters of the rolls, to the British nation. The Bishop of Durham is a secular prince, and as Earl of Sadberg, and Count Palatine of Durham, he is Gustos Rotulorum of the county: before the abridgment of his privileges by Henry VIII., he had power to create barons, to appoint judges, convoke parliaments, raise taxes, and coin money; the courts of justice were held in his name, and he could grant pardons for offences and felonies of all kinds; he granted markets and fairs, was lord admiral within the county palatine, and a great part of the lands was held of him in capite. The judges and officers of the court still receive their ancient salaries from the bishop, who even now exercises the right of presiding at the assizes, attired in purple robes, with the judges on the circuit; he also appoints the high sheriff, who accounts to the bishop, without being responsible to His Majesty's exchequer. The cathedral is situated on an eminence partly clothed with plantations and gardens, and almost encircled by the river; near it is the bishop's palace, constructed from the remains of the ancient castle, the deanery and other ecclesiastical residences; the general aspect of this mass of building is at every point of view peculiarly grand and impressive. The north front faces an open space between the venerable cathedral and the castle $ on the south and east it is so surrounded as to prevent a complete view, but from the opposite bank of the river the western front is visible, under that advantage of distance which is favourable to the concealment of the more modern alterations in detail, which have taken place during the various repairs it has undergone; the plan exhibits a Galilee at the west front, a nave, aisles, and transept, with a choir and aisles, and the chapel of nine altars (extending beyond the north and south walls of the building) assuming the appearance of a second transept. The length of the edifice is four hundred and twenty feet; the-interior of the Galilee seventy-eight by fifty; the height of the central tower two hundred and twelve, and that of the western towers each one hundred and forty-three. The general character of the largest portion of this cathedral is Norman, of a very bold character, with insertions in all the English styles. The foundation was laid on the 2nd of August, 1093, by Bishop Carilepho; and the chapel of Galilee, or the Lady chapel, at the western end, was built by Bishop Pudsey, who had previously commenced the erection of a chapel at the eastern end of the edifice, for the devotional exercises of females, which was discontinued in consequence of the prevailing superstition of those times. The north aisle was for a long time used as a depository for wills, where also the registeroffice was kept prior to the erection of the present building in 1822; but it has been re-united to the fabric, and divine service is performed in it every Sunday evening during the summer months. The eastern portion of the choir, called the Chapel of the Nine Altars, is in the early English style, having a large decorated window at the north end; the large west window, and that of the north transept, are also of the decorated character, with rich composition; and in various parts of the cathedral are many windows of a similar style, with fine tracery inserted in the openings, of earlier date. The two western towers are Norman below, the upper portions English, with an intermixture of semicircular and pointed arches; to these have been added, during the late repair, pinnacles and a pierced battlement. The great central tower is very lofty; of later English architecture above the nave, with Norman piers and arches below; and the upper story is short in comparison with the base; this tower has recently undergone an entire repair. The nave is magnificent in its proportions, and very bold in its details. The central tower is open to a great height, and although in other parts the effect is diminished, owing to the situation of the church not permitting a western .entrance, and the division between the Galilee and the nave, this portion is exceedingly fine. The organ-screen, elaborately carved in oak, is of Italian character, which by no means harmonises with that of the cathedral, and, being almost black with age, and contrasted with the whiteness of the nave> abruptly terminates the view. Behind the screen is the chapel called the Feretory, where stood the gorgeous shrine of St. Cuthbert, erected over the place where his bones were deposited: during the progress of some alterations immediately behind this shrine, on the 17th of May, 1827, the vault, supposed to contain the holy relics, was opened, when a chest, apparently of oak, was discovered> in which lay the perfect skeleton of the saint, in vestments of linen and silk, which, having lain for inspection for some time, was carefully covered over, and the vault closed. The eastern arch of the choir is in the early English style; and the altar-screen, in tabernacle-work of the later style, corresponds with the screen-work of the bishop's throne, which is erected over the magnificent tomb of Bishop Hatfield. The groins of the nave and choir are also in the early English style, the latter being of somewhat later character. The Norman portions of the cathedral, particularly several very curious door-ways, deserve great attention.. The cathedral library contains five books of Ecclesiastical History, written by Bede, and a copy of the Bible, bpth in manuscript/ supposed to be six hundred years old, At the time of the dissolution, Hugh Whitehead held the priory, which was then rated at about £1600 per annum; and on the 12th of May, 1541, Henry VIII. granted his foundation charter to this church, altering its dedication from St. Mary and St. Cuthbert, to that of Christ and St. Mary. He instituted a dean and twelve prebendaries as a body corporate, and granted them the site of the monastery, with its ancient rights. The duties of the cathedral are now performed by a bishop, dean, twelve prebendaries, eight minor canons, eight singing men, an organist and choristers, and two bell-ringers, a master and under master of the grammar school, and eighteen scholars, besides servants; and eight poor men are supported by the establishment. The school in connexion with the cathedral has four exhibitions for sons of clergymen, of £25 per annum each at school, and £50 each per annum, at either of the Universities, given by the Dean and Chapter, who are trustees of the institution: it has also five scholarships, of £10 per annum each, at Peter House, Cambridge, founded by John Cosins, D. D., Bishop of Durham; one scholarship, of £16 per annum, at Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded by the Rev. Dr. Michael Smith, jointly with the school at Newcastle upon Tyne, for which also, and for this school, Dr. Hartwell bequeathed £20 per annum, to be divided between two exhibitioners at either University, and tenable for five years. In addition to the eighteen boys on the foundation, there are about sixty who pay a regular quarterage. The city comprises the following parishes, all in the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham, viz., St Giles, or Gillegate, a perpetual curacy, endowed with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £1000 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Marquis of Londonderry: the church has various portions in the Norman style of architecture, but the general style resembles the Galilee chapel of the cathedral. St. Mary's le Bow, North Bailey, a rectory not in charge, endowed with £400 private benefaction, £200 royal bounty, and £1100 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Archdeacon of Northumberland: the church, which was rebuilt in 1685, is supposed to occupy the site of the chapel in which St. Cuthbert's remains were originally deposited; the bishop's and archdeacon's visitations are now held in it. St. Mary's the Less, South Bailey, a rectory not in charge, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £600 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Crown; the church is an ancient edifice, with modern alterations, and has only a mean appearance. St. Nicholas, a perpetual curacy, endowed with £400 private benefaction, £400 royal bounty, and £1200 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Marquis of Londonderry: the church is a building of considerable antiquity, which, in 1768, was repaired, with the addition of an east window; it is that attended by the corporation. St. Oswald's, or Elvet, a vicarage, rated in the king's books at £16, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Durham: the church is a large and handsome edifice, the lower part of which is in the early English style, the windows and other portions decorated, and the tower and upper part of the building later English, with a vaulted wooden roof, supposed to have been constructed by William Catton, vicar, in the beginning of the fifteenth century. St. Margaret's, or Crossgate, is a perpetual curacy to the vicarage of St. Oswald, endowed with £40 per annum private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Dean and Chapter of Durham: the church, an ancient Norman structure, with a low square tower, has undergone much alteration at different periods. There are places of worship for the Society of Friends, Independents, Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, and Roman Catholics, the last having erected a handsome edifice in 1826, which has a stained window representing Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. In addition to the cathedral grammar school abovementioned, are the united Blue-coat and Sunday schools, situated on the north side of Clay-path, erected by public subscription, and opened in 1812. To this institution Bishop Barrington subscribed £309. 17., being the purchase money of the ground on which it was erected. There are infant schools in which about one hundred and seventy children are instructed; a charity school in Gravel-lane, Hallgarth-street, endowed by Dr. Cox with £20 per annum, for educating the poor children of St. Oswald's parish, and Sunday schools attached to some of the religious communities; it is calculated that, altogether, the total number of children receiving gratuitous instruction in this city and its suburbs is one thousand and seventy-two. The infirmary is a spacious building in Allergate, erected by subscription in 1792, on a piece of ground given by Thomas Wilkinson, Esq., of Coxhoe; the average annual expenditure is about £800; it is supported by annual subscriptions and donations. Almshouses on Palace Green were founded in 1668, by Bishop Cosins, for ftnir poor men and four poor women, who receive an annuity of £70, arising out of lands at Great Chilton, which is equally divided amongst the inmates by quarterly payments: the almspeople are appointed by the bishop, part to be natives of Durham, and part of Branspeth. Some school-houses attached were endowed by Bishop Langley, with a rent-charge of £16. 13. 4., arising out of the manor of Kaverdley, in Lancashire; but this charity has been, transferred to the Blue-coat schools, and Bishop Cosins school-houses converted into tenements. There is a long list of benefactors to the poor, among whom is Henry Smith, who in 1598 bequeathed his coal mines and personal estate to supply a fund for apprenticing poor boys, which property now produces £ 130 per annum. In addition to the above are several charitable associations and benefit societies, especially that of the Free Masons, who in 1810 erected a neat brick building in Old Elvet, called " Granby Lodge. An agricultural society holds its anniversary at the Waterloo Inn; there is a savings bank in the town-hall. About three quarters of a mile eastward from the city is Old Durham, a spot supposed by some to have been occupied by the Saxons, before the foundation of the present city, and by others to have been a Roman station: it still exhibits a few traces of antiquity. Opposite to it, on the southern bank of the Wear, is the site of a fortification with more probability ascribed to the Romans, called Maiden Castle; and some remains of the Iknield-street, or Roman way, are discernible in the neighbourhood. Within one mile north-east of Durham, on the banks of the Wear, are the few remains of Kepier hospital, a monastic institution, founded in 1112, by Bishop Flambard, for the maintenance of a master and twelve brethren, valued at the dissolution at £186. 0. 10; they consist of a gateway with pointed arches. The manor-house of Houghall, built by Prior Hotoun, is about a mile from the city j and two miles distant is Beautrove, now Butterby, remarkable for its beauty and natural curiosities. In the moat surrounding the old mansion, a coat of mail was discovered, and in an adjoining field, the supposed site of an ancient hospital, several stone coffins and jars have been dug up. Here are saline, sulphureous, and chalybeate springs, the former of which are much frequented by persons who drink the waters medicinally. A mile westward from the city is the fragment of a once beautiful cross, called Nevill's cross, erected by Ralph, Lord Nevill, in commemoration of a battle in 1346, in which David Bruce, King of Scotland, was taken prisoner. The following literary persons were natives of Durham, Robert Hegg, author of the legend of St. Cuthbert, &c.; John Hall, a celebrated English poet of the seventeenth century, who, besides a volume of poems published a translation of Eugenius -, Dr. Richard Grey, author of the Memoria Technica, and several other works, born in 1693 j William Eden, Lord Auckland, a distinguished statesman and diplomatist. Durham gives the title of baron to the Lambton family, the present representative of which was raised to the peerage by this title in January, 1828.